Animal models are required to study mechanisms of early cardiovascular development. The chick embryo has been used as a model for many decades because the embryonic chick heart resembles the ...

The central venous pressure (CVP) is frequently used to guide fluid management. Indeed, two surveys of European intensivists/anesthesiologists reported that over 90% ...

With upright exercise there is a slower rise in heart rate in the elderly compared to the younger subject. Stroke volume is maintained in the elderly person by an increase in end-diastolic volume ...

Background Ebstein’s anomaly (EA) exhibits significant anatomical and clinical heterogeneity, warranting a systematic ...