A new phase shifter does not need clean-room facilities for fabrication, so is inexpensive to manufacture. The liquid-metal enabled phase shifting elements have a 'passive' nature, unlike the 'active' ...

PI, a global leader in piezo nanopositioning and precision motion control equipment, announces the S-312 piezo phase shifter stage series with five aperture diameters ranging from Ø2" (53 mm) to Ø12" ...

In operational amplifier stability, one rule of thumb is to allow 45 degrees of phase margin. Other design guidelines state that 60 degrees is best; still others say that 30 degrees is sufficient.