Design analysis of the K2-W Vacuum Tube Op Amp’s design and operation reveals the mad science that created a commercial revolution in 1950s and 1960s analog computing. Op amps played a critical role ...

After a brief review of the history of the K2-W vacuum-tube op amp, an LTspice model is used to create its schematic in preparation for SPICE simulation. The availability of hierarchical blocks for ...

Operational amplifiers (commonly called op amps) are a ubiquitous building block for designing electronic circuits. Today, these devices are fabricated as small integrated circuits, but the concept ...